To this end, we presumed a strong orientation to outward appearance to be external information focusing. The present study was aimed at getting more insight into the relationship between the outward body (orientation to outward appearance), the inner body (body awareness), and gender. Only two scales (EI and SO) fail to attain this criterion, but only marginally, and the lower value of the alpha coefficient for these two Discussion Table 1 gives the values of Cronbach’s alpha for each scale.įrom this table it can be seen that most scales have a satisfactory level of internal consistency with an alpha coefficient higher than 0.80. Measures were selected reflecting the following concepts: orientation to outward appearance, body awareness, symptom perception, negative affectivity, body (dis)satisfaction, somatization, and ResultsĪs a preliminary to the statistical analysis, a reliability analysis was performed on each scale in order to assess its internal consistency and homogeneity. The majority of the respondents was born in the Netherlands (95%). Mean age of the men was 20.0 years (S.D.=3.15) old, that of the women 20.50 (S.D.=3.98) the difference did not reach statistical significance. Respondents were college students, 250 men and 275 women. The results further indicate that the competion of cues model is valid only under certain conditions. It was concluded that, in students, the internal and outward body are experienced as a unity. Women’s as well as men’s symptom perception was, additionally, positively related to somatization, negative affectivity, and body dissatisfaction. Body awareness and symptom perception were positively related, without any gender-effect. Orientation to outward appearance, external information and somatization had positive effects on body awareness, that were unaffected by gender. No sex differences were found in negative affectivity there was a trend toward a difference regarding somatization. Women compared with men appeared to be more oriented to and less satisfied with their outward appearances, and they were higher in body awareness, symptom perception, and external information. Questionnaires were administered reflecting all concepts under study. Respondents were 250 male and 275 female college students (mean age 20.4). Furthermore, we hypothesized that both relationships would be stronger for women than for men. We expected a negative relationship between orientation to outward appearance and body awareness, and a positive one between body awareness and symptom perception. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between orientation to outward appearance, body awareness, symptom perception, and gender, from Pennebaker’s competition of cues model (1982).
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